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A running shoe, layer by layer

A retail story: a racing shoe with its foam and plate lifted apart, each part in a bottom sheet.

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In words

Everything on this diagram

The same content as the picture, as text: every part and what it says when you open it.

Knit upper

One piece of engineered knit, tighter where the foot needs holding and more open where it needs to breathe.

Material
Engineered knit
Typical weight
Under 50 g

Heel counter

A firm cup around the heel that keeps it centred over the midsole, stride after stride.

Holds: The heel centred

Toe bumper

A thin overlay at the front that keeps the knit from wearing through where the toes flex.

Protects: The knit at the toe

Tongue

Thin and gusseted - sewn to the upper on both sides - so it cannot slide off-centre on a long run.

Construction: Gusseted

Eyelets and laces

Six pairs of eyelets. The top pair is a runner's loop, for a lace lock that keeps the heel from lifting.

Pairs
Six
Top pair
For a heel lock

Heel pull tab

A loop at the back to pull the shoe on without crushing the counter.

For: Pulling the shoe on

Sockliner

The removable insole, a few millimetres of foam shaped to the arch. It lifts out if a runner uses their own orthotic.

Removable
Yes
Thickness
About 3–5 mm

Midsole foam

Most of the shoe's cushioning and most of its price: a light, springy foam that gives back much of the energy that lands in it.

Typical foams
PEBA, TPU or EVA blends
Heel stack
About 40 mm
Forefoot stack
About 32 mm

Carbon-fibre plate

A stiff, curved plate inside the foam. It does not spring like a trampoline; it stiffens the shoe and rolls the foot forward through the stride.

Material
Carbon-fibre composite
Shape
Curved, to rock the foot forward

Outsole

Rubber only where the shoe wears - heel and forefoot - to save weight, with a pattern of lugs for grip on wet roads.

Material
Rubber, in two pods
Pattern
Lugs for wet grip